關係副詞與進階關代：where / when / why / 介系詞 + which / 非限定用法Relative Adverbs and Advanced Relative Clauses

關係副詞 = 介系詞 + which

國中學的 who / which / that 在子句裡當主詞或受詞；關係副詞 where、when、why 則在子句裡當「地點、時間、原因」的副詞，所以後面接的是一個完整的句子。where = in / at / on which，when = in / on / at which，why = for which。how 表示「方法」，但 the way how 不能連用，只能說 the way 或 how 其中一個。

• This is the village where my grandparents grew up.這就是我祖父母長大的村子。

• I still remember the day when we first met.我還記得我們第一次見面那天。

• Nobody knows the reason why he quit the team.沒人知道他退出球隊的原因。

• I like the way she explains math problems.我喜歡她講解數學題的方式。

where 還是 which？看後面缺什麼

先行詞是地點，不代表一定用 where。子句完整（不缺主詞、受詞）→ 用關係副詞 where；子句缺受詞 → 用關代 which / that。visit、build、love 是及物動詞，後面缺的是受詞，所以用 which；live、stay、grow up 是不及物，缺的是地點副詞，所以用 where（= in which）。

• Tainan is the city where I was born.台南是我出生的城市。（I was born 完整）

• Tainan is the city which I visited last summer.台南是我去年夏天造訪的城市。（visited 缺受詞）

• This is the lab in which the experiment was carried out.這就是進行那項實驗的實驗室。

關係副詞與「介系詞 + which」對照

介系詞 + 關代時只能用 which（物）或 whom（人），不能用 that：the topic about which we argued，不說 about that。

限定 vs. 非限定：有沒有逗號，意思不一樣

限定子句（沒逗號）用來指出「是哪一個」，少了它意思就不完整；非限定子句（前後加逗號）只是補充資訊，先行詞本來就很明確（專有名詞、唯一的人事物）。非限定子句不能用 that，也不能省略關代。句尾的 , which 還可以指前面「一整件事」，中文常翻成「這一點、這件事」。

• My brother who lives in Tokyo is an engineer.我住在東京的那個哥哥是工程師。（暗示我不只一個哥哥）

• My father, who lives in Tokyo, is an engineer.我爸爸住在東京，是工程師。（爸爸只有一個，補充說明）

• Taipei 101, which was completed in 2004, was once the tallest building in the world.台北 101 於 2004 年完工，曾是世界最高的建築。

• He passed the exam, which surprised everyone.他考過了，這件事讓大家很驚訝。

常見錯誤

• ✗This is the park where we visited yesterday.
  ✓This is the park which we visited yesterday.visit 是及物動詞，子句缺受詞，要用關代 which / that，不是 where。
• ✗I don't like the way how he talks to his parents.
  ✓I don't like the way he talks to his parents.the way 和 how 不能同時出現，二選一。
• ✗Taipei 101, that is in Xinyi District, attracts many tourists.
  ✓Taipei 101, which is in Xinyi District, attracts many tourists.非限定子句（有逗號）不能用 that。
• ✗This is the house which I lived ten years ago.
  ✓This is the house where I lived ten years ago.live 是不及物動詞，子句不缺受詞，用 where（或 in which）。
• ✗The teacher to that I spoke was very helpful.
  ✓The teacher to whom I spoke was very helpful.介系詞後面的關代只能用 whom / which，不能用 that。