倒裝句Inversion

否定副詞放句首：助動詞搬到主詞前面

把 never、rarely、seldom、little、hardly、not only、not until、under no circumstances 這類否定或半否定的字放到句首，是為了強調，後面就要改成「疑問句語序」：助動詞 + 主詞 + 動詞。原句有 be 動詞、have 或情態助動詞，就直接搬到前面；原句只有一般動詞，要借 do / does / did，並把動詞改回原形。

• Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.我從沒看過這麼美的夕陽。

• Rarely does my father complain about his job.我爸爸很少抱怨工作。

• Little did we know that the test had been canceled.我們完全不知道考試已經取消了。

• Not only is she a talented singer, but she also writes her own songs.她不只是有才華的歌手，還自己寫歌。

時間的倒裝：Not until、No sooner … than、Hardly … when

三個都是學測常客。Not until + 時間／子句放句首時，倒裝的是「後面的主要子句」，not until 子句本身不倒裝。No sooner … than 與 Hardly / Scarcely … when 都表示「一……就……」，前半句通常用過去完成式倒裝（had + 主詞 + p.p.），後半句用過去式。注意搭配：no sooner 配 than，hardly 配 when / before，不能混用。

• Not until I got home did I realize I had lost my wallet.直到回到家，我才發現錢包掉了。

• No sooner had the bell rung than the students rushed out.鐘聲一響，學生就衝了出去。

• Hardly had we sat down when the fire alarm went off.我們才剛坐下，火災警報就響了。

部分倒裝的句首詞

只有「否定詞或 Only 放在句首」才倒裝；放在句中就照一般語序：I have never seen it. / I realized it only then.

Only 開頭、So … that 開頭與地點副詞的完全倒裝

Only + by / after / when / if… 放句首，倒裝的是後面的主要子句。So + 形容詞 / 副詞放句首，後面接 be 動詞或助動詞 + 主詞，再接 that 子句。另一種是完全倒裝：地點或方向副詞（Here、There、Down、Out、On the hill）放句首、動詞是 come、go、stand、lie、sit 這類不及物動詞時，整個動詞移到主詞前面，不用 do / does。但主詞是代名詞時不倒裝：Here comes the bus. / Here it comes.

• Only by working together can we solve this problem.唯有合作，我們才能解決這個問題。

• So loud was the music that we couldn't hear each other.音樂大聲到我們聽不見彼此說話。

• On top of the hill stands an old temple.山頂上矗立著一座古老的廟。

• Here comes the bus!公車來了！

常見錯誤

• ✗Never I have seen such a big crowd.
  ✓Never have I seen such a big crowd.否定副詞放句首，助動詞 have 要移到主詞前面。
• ✗Rarely he goes to the movies.
  ✓Rarely does he go to the movies.只有一般動詞時要借 does，動詞改回原形。
• ✗Not until did he get home he noticed the mistake.
  ✓Not until he got home did he notice the mistake.Not until 子句本身不倒裝，倒裝的是後面的主要子句。
• ✗No sooner had I arrived when it started to rain.
  ✓No sooner had I arrived than it started to rain.no sooner 固定搭配 than；hardly 才搭配 when。
• ✗Here comes it.
  ✓Here it comes.主詞是代名詞時不做完全倒裝。