高一下 · 單元 3 / 3
分詞構句Participle Clauses
學完你會:會把 when / because / if 帶出的副詞子句減化成分詞構句,並避開主詞不一致的懸垂分詞。
① 文法課
三步驟:把副詞子句減化成分詞構句
當副詞子句和主要子句的主詞相同時,可以把副詞子句縮短:一、去掉連接詞(when、because、after…;為了意思清楚也可以保留 when、while、after、before);二、去掉相同的主詞;三、動詞改成分詞——主動用 V-ing,被動用 p.p.(being 省略)。句子變得精簡,是正式寫作與學測閱讀文章常見的寫法。
Walking along the beach, we saw a group of dolphins.沿著海灘散步時,我們看到一群海豚。(= When we were walking…)
Feeling tired, Amy went to bed early.因為覺得累,Amy 很早就去睡了。(= Because she felt tired…)
Written in simple English, the book is easy for beginners.這本書用簡單的英文寫成,初學者很容易讀。(= Because it is written…)
After finishing her homework, she went out to play basketball.寫完功課後,她出去打籃球。
分詞構句的四種意思與幾種形式
| 意思 / 形式 | 原來的子句 | 分詞構句 |
|---|---|---|
| 時間 | When he heard the news, he burst into tears. | Hearing the news, he burst into tears. |
| 原因 | Because I didn't know what to say, I kept silent. | Not knowing what to say, I kept silent. |
| 條件 | If it is used properly, AI can save us time. | Used properly, AI can save us time. |
| 附帶狀況(一邊…一邊…) | She sat by the window and read a novel. | She sat by the window, reading a novel. |
| 先完成再發生 | Because he had lost his key, he couldn't get in. | Having lost his key, he couldn't get in. |
否定的 not / never 放在分詞前面。分詞的動作比主要動詞早發生、要強調先後時,用 Having + p.p.;被動再加上 been:Having been told…。
主詞不同:獨立分詞構句
兩個子句的主詞不同時,副詞子句的主詞不能拿掉,要保留在分詞前面,這叫獨立分詞構句。最常見的是天氣、時間和 with 的附帶狀況;有些已成固定用語,主詞是泛指的一般人,不必一致:generally speaking、judging from…、considering…、frankly speaking。
The weather being fine, we decided to hike up Yangmingshan.因為天氣很好,我們決定去爬陽明山。
All things considered, the school festival was a success.整體考量下來,校慶辦得很成功。
He listened to the speech with his arms crossed.他雙臂交叉聽著演講。
Generally speaking, girls in our class do better in English.一般來說,我們班女生英文比較好。
懸垂分詞:最常見的錯
分詞構句沒有自己的主詞,讀者會自動把主要子句的主詞當成它的主詞。如果兩者不是同一個,就變成懸垂分詞(dangling participle),意思會很好笑:Walking into the room, the lights went off. 像是「燈走進房間」。改法有兩種:把主要子句的主詞換成真正做動作的人,或者把分詞構句還原成完整的副詞子句。
Walking into the room, I noticed that the lights went off.走進房間時,我注意到燈熄了。
When I walked into the room, the lights went off.我走進房間時,燈熄了。
常見錯誤
- ✗Walking to school, the rain started to fall.
✓Walking to school, I felt the rain start to fall.分詞構句的主詞要和主要子句一致;雨不會走路上學,這是懸垂分詞。 - ✗Seeing from the top of Taipei 101, the city looks tiny.
✓Seen from the top of Taipei 101, the city looks tiny.城市是「被看」的,被動要用過去分詞 seen。 - ✗Knowing not the answer, he stayed quiet.
✓Not knowing the answer, he stayed quiet.否定詞 not 放在分詞前面。 - ✗It being rainy, so we canceled the picnic.
✓It being rainy, we canceled the picnic.分詞構句本身已表示原因,不能再加連接詞 so。 - ✗Finished the report, she sent it to her teacher.
✓Having finished the report, she sent it to her teacher.她是主動完成報告,而且先完成才寄出,用 Having + p.p.;Finished 是被動。
學測怎麼考
學測綜合測驗與文意選填常在句首挖空,考 V-ing 還是 p.p.,判斷方法是看主要子句的主詞是「做」還是「被做」;作文用一兩個正確的分詞構句能讓句子更精鍊,但寫之前一定要確認主詞一致,避免懸垂分詞。
② 這個單元的單字
高一下的 521 個字平均分給 3 個單元,這是第 3 段。
- bereavev.喪失親人
- besiegev.圍攻;困擾
- bewailv.悲嘆
- bickerv.拌嘴
- blandishv.奉承哄騙
- browbeatv.威逼
- cajolev.哄騙
- candorn.坦率
- capricen.任性
- chagrinn.懊惱
- chastisev.責罵
- coalescev.合併
- depletev.耗盡
- deplorev.痛斥
- deridev.嘲弄
- detainv.拘留
- diatriben.抨擊
- discernv.辨別
- discordn.不和
- dispelv.消除
- dispersev.驅散
- dissentn.異議
- divulgev.洩露
- driveln.廢話
- duressn.脅迫
- effacev.抹去
- engrossv.使全神貫注
- enshrinev.奉為神聖
- ensconcev.安置
- entrenchv.根深蒂固
- eschewv.避免
- factionn.派系
- fervorn.熱情
- fetterv.束縛
- gambitn.開局策略
- heydayn.全盛期
- homagen.致敬
- imbibev.暢飲;汲取
- impassen.僵局
- implorev.懇求
- indictv.起訴
- invokev.援引
- lampoonv.諷刺
- mayhemn.混亂
- milieun.環境
- mosaicn.馬賽克
- muddlev.弄亂
- occludev.阻塞
- preceptn.戒律
- preluden.序曲
- purveyv.供應
- rabblen.烏合之眾
- rampagen.暴走
- ransackv.洗劫
- repelv.擊退
- requiemn.安魂曲
- sallyn.突擊;機智話
- saunterv.漫步
- savorv.品味
- slumbern.沉睡
- solacen.慰藉
- spectern.幽靈;威脅
- stuporn.麻木狀態
- tempestn.暴風雨
- tenuren.任期
- torporn.遲鈍;麻木
- travailn.艱辛勞苦
- umbragen.不快;冒犯感
- undoingn.毀滅;敗因
- unhingev.使錯亂
- unveilv.揭幕
- upbraidv.訓斥
- vacatev.空出;讓出
- vassaln.封臣;附庸
- veneern.虛假外表
- vertexn.頂點
- vitiatev.損害;使無效
- vitrioln.尖刻話;憤慨
- wilesn.詭計
- winnowv.篩選
- arraignv.傳訊
- assertv.主張
- backlashn.強烈反彈
- ballotn.選票
- bantern.玩笑話
- beckonv.招手示意
- beguilev.欺騙;迷惑
- bequeathv.遺贈
- besmirchv.玷污
- blusterv.咆哮;虛張聲勢
- bombardv.炮轟;連番
- bondagen.奴役
- boycottv.抵制
- brandishv.揮舞
- bustlen.喧囂忙碌
- careenv.搖晃疾行
- carnagen.大屠殺
- cascaden.瀑布;連鎖效應
- caucusn.黨團會議
- censorv.審查刪除
- chastenv.使謙卑
- ciphern.密碼;零
- clamorn.喧鬧;強烈要求
- clericn.神職人員
- coddlev.嬌慣
- colludev.共謀
- conclaven.祕密會議
- condonev.縱容
- conflatev.混淆合併
- congealv.凝結
- consignv.託付;打入
- abeyancen.暫緩;中止
- assizen.巡迴法庭
- auspicen.贊助;徵兆
- bedeckv.裝飾
- bestrewv.撒滿
- bombastn.誇大言辭
- caveatn.警告;附帶條件
- conduitn.導管;管道
- confoundv.使困惑
- consortn.配偶
- chemisen.女襯衣
- compeern.同輩
- convoyn.車隊;護送隊
- corsagen.胸花
- cortegen.送葬隊伍
- cudgeln.短棍
- cursiven.草書
- defilev.玷污
- despoilv.掠奪
- detenten.緩和(國際關係)
- entreatv.懇求
- hauteurn.傲慢
- impingev.衝擊;侵犯
- despondv.沮喪
- evincev.表明
- fealtyn.效忠
- festerv.潰爛;惡化
- fetishn.迷戀物
- fiascon.慘敗
- foragev.覓食
- gleanern.拾穗者
- gobbetn.一小塊
- grandeen.大人物
- hummockn.小丘
- influxn.湧入
- inveighv.痛斥
- ingestv.攝取
- isthmusn.地峽
- kismetn.命運
- laggardn.落後者
- languorn.倦怠
- malaisen.不適;不安
- marqueen.大型招牌
- miasman.瘴氣;不良氣氛
- largessn.慷慨施予
- logjamn.僵局
- mammonn.錢財(貪婪)
- missiven.書信
- myopian.近視;短視
- naiveten.天真
- obtrudev.強行闖入
- obviatev.排除
- pariahn.被排斥者
- pedantn.學究
- perjurev.作偽證
- pervadev.瀰漫
- phalanxn.方陣
- phoenixn.鳳凰
- positv.假定
- obversen.正面
- paupern.貧民
- nitpickv.吹毛求疵
- maunderv.喋喋不休
③ 句型與閱讀
④ 單元小考
10 題文法 + 5 題單字,80 分通過。填空和改錯不看大小寫與句尾標點。
1.____ from space, the Earth looks like a blue marble.
2.____ what to do, the new student asked the teacher for help.
3.____ all his money, Tom had to walk home.
4.The teacher came in, ____ a pile of test papers.
5.Which sentence has a dangling participle?
6.____ by the loud noise, the baby started crying. (frighten)
7.Night ____, the campers built a fire to keep warm. (fall)
8.____ properly, this medicine is quite safe. (take)
9.改錯Seeing from the plane, the island looked like a green leaf.
10.改錯Written the letter, she mailed it right away.
11.「undoing」是什麼意思?
12.「languor」是什麼意思?
13.「umbrage」是什麼意思?
14.「duress」是什麼意思?
15.「convoy」是什麼意思?
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