高一上 · 單元 2 / 3

時態總整理:十二種時態與時態一致The Twelve Tenses

學完你會:把十二種時態放上同一條時間線,分得清完成式與完成進行式,並在長句裡維持時態一致。

  1. ① 文法課
  2. ② 單字 174
  3. ③ 句型與閱讀
  4. ④ 單元小考

① 文法課

十二種時態:三個時間 × 四種面貌

簡單式進行式完成式完成進行式
現在V / V-sam / is / are + V-inghave / has + p.p.have / has been + V-ing
過去V-edwas / were + V-inghad + p.p.had been + V-ing
未來will + Vwill be + V-ingwill have + p.p.will have been + V-ing

橫的一列決定「站在哪個時間點看」,直的一欄決定「動作的樣子」:簡單=事實或一次動作、進行=當時正在做、完成=到那個時間點為止已經做完(或做過)、完成進行=一直做到那個時間點、而且還在做或剛停。

完成式要有一個「參考時間點」

國中學的現在完成式,參考點是「現在」。把參考點移到過去,就是過去完成式 had + p.p.:兩件過去的事,先發生的那件用 had + p.p.(過去的過去)。把參考點移到未來,就是未來完成式 will have + p.p.,常搭配 by + 未來時間、by the time + 現在式子句。中文不分這些,只說「已經」,所以翻譯時要先問自己:「已經」是到哪個時間點為止?

  • When we got to the theater, the movie had already started.我們到戲院時,電影已經開演了。

  • She had never seen snow before she moved to Hokkaido.她搬到北海道之前從沒看過雪。

  • By the end of this semester, we will have finished five novels.到這學期結束時,我們將已讀完五本小說。

完成進行式:強調「一直在做」的持續

完成式重結果(做完了、做了幾次),完成進行式重過程(一直在做、做了多久),常搭配 for + 一段時間、since、all day、how long。have been studying 表示從過去一直讀到現在,可能還會繼續;had been waiting 表示在過去某時間點之前一直在等。注意 know、own、belong、believe 這類狀態動詞不用進行式,要說 have known,不說 have been knowing。

  • I have been studying for the GSAT since seven this morning.我從今天早上七點就一直在準備學測。

  • I have read three chapters so far.我到目前為止讀了三章。

  • The players had been training for two hours when the storm hit.暴風雨來襲時,球員已經連續訓練了兩個小時。

  • By June, Ms. Lin will have been teaching here for twenty years.到六月,林老師就在這裡教滿二十年了。

時態一致:主要動詞是過去式,子句跟著往後退

said、thought、knew、told 這類過去式動詞後面的 that 子句,時態通常一起往過去退一格:現在式 → 過去式、現在完成式和過去式 → 過去完成式、will → would、can → could。例外:說的是不變的真理、科學事實、或到現在仍然成立的習慣,子句可以保留現在式。

  • Kevin said that he was too tired to join the club meeting.Kevin 說他太累了,沒辦法參加社團會議。

  • I thought the bus would come on time.我以為公車會準時來。

  • She told us she had lost her student ID.她跟我們說她把學生證弄丟了。

  • Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.老師告訴我們光速比音速快。

常見錯誤

  • ✗When I arrived, the train already left.
    ✓When I arrived, the train had already left.火車離開發生在「我抵達」之前,是過去的過去,要用過去完成式。
  • ✗I have been knowing him since junior high.
    ✓I have known him since junior high.know 是狀態動詞,不用進行式;「一直認識」用現在完成式。
  • ✗By the time you arrive, we will finish dinner.
    ✓By the time you arrive, we will have finished dinner.by the time + 未來時間點,表示「到那時已經完成」,要用未來完成式。
  • ✗By the time you will arrive, we will have finished dinner.
    ✓By the time you arrive, we will have finished dinner.by the time 引導的時間子句用現在式代替未來式,will 只放在主要子句。
  • ✗He said he will call me, but he never did.
    ✓He said he would call me, but he never did.主要動詞 said 是過去式,說的事也已經過去,子句的 will 要退成 would。

學測怎麼考

學測綜合測驗常給一段過去的敘事,考你選 had p.p. 還是一般過去式、或是看 by the time / since / for 選完成式;翻譯與作文則要整段時態一致,寫過去的經驗就不要中途跳回現在式。

② 這個單元的單字

高一上的 521 個字平均分給 3 個單元,這是第 2 段。

③ 句型與閱讀

④ 單元小考

10 題文法 + 5 題單字,80 分通過。填空和改錯不看大小寫與句尾標點。

  1. 1.By the time the ambulance arrived, the man ____ consciousness.

  2. 2.By 2030, scientists ____ a cure for this disease, I believe.

  3. 3.You look exhausted. ____ you ____ on this report since last night?

  4. 4.When I met Amy in Osaka last summer, she said she ____ to Japan twice before.

  5. 5.Which sentence is correct?

  6. 6.We ____ for forty minutes when the bus finally came. (wait)

  7. 7.By next June, I ____ in this school for three years. (study)

  8. 8.Our physics teacher explained that water ____ at 100°C at sea level. (boil)

  9. 9.改錯When I got home, my brother already ate all the pizza.

  10. 10.改錯Last week Jenny said she will join us, but she never showed up.

  11. 11.「flaunt」是什麼意思?

  12. 12.「dose」是什麼意思?

  13. 13.「steep」是什麼意思?

  14. 14.「ego」是什麼意思?

  15. 15.「embed」是什麼意思?

已作答 0 / 15 題

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