How a Computer Works電腦怎麼運作

電腦只認得兩件事:有電和沒電。其他一切——文字、照片、影片——都是用這兩件事堆出來的。

CEFR B1閱讀約 6 分鐘 · 12 個單字 · 測驗卷 100 分

3D Tour3D 導覽影片:先看一遍,再自己點點看

3D 導覽影片 · 約 2 分鐘

Inside the Computer走進電腦裡

12 個可以點的單字 · 可以隨時暫停、轉動場景

逐字稿(14 段)
  1. 1Welcome inside a computer! Everything in here is built from tiny switches.歡迎走進電腦裡!這裡的一切都是用小小的開關組成的。
  2. 2This is a switch. Current is flowing, or it is not. The whole machine is built from switches like this.這是一個開關。電流要嘛有、要嘛沒有。整台機器就是用這樣的開關組成的。
  3. 3We write those two states as 1 and 0. One of them is called a bit.我們把這兩種狀態寫成 1 和 0。其中一個就叫一個位元。
  4. 4Eight bits together make a byte. A byte can hold 256 different values, enough for one letter.八個位元組成一個位元組。一個位元組可以表示 256 種值,剛好放得下一個字母。
  5. 5This is the processor, the CPU. It does the real work, billions of times a second.這是處理器,也就是 CPU。真正的工作是它在做,每秒做幾十億次。
  6. 6It follows one simple instruction at a time, like: add these two numbers.它一次只執行一條簡單的指令,例如:把這兩個數字加起來。
  7. 7This is RAM, the working memory. It holds what the computer is using right now.這是 RAM,也就是工作記憶體。它放著電腦此刻正在用的東西。
  8. 8But memory is temporary. When the power goes off, it is wiped. That is why unsaved work disappears.但記憶體是暫時的。一斷電就被清空,所以沒存檔的東西會不見。
  9. 9Storage is slower, but your files stay here even when the power is off.儲存空間比較慢,但就算斷電,你的檔案也會留在這裡。
  10. 10Storage is permanent, like words carved in stone. A terabyte holds about a thousand films.儲存空間是永久的,就像刻在石頭上的字。1 TB 大約裝得下一千部電影。
  11. 11Hardware is the part you can touch, the part you can drop on your foot. Ouch!硬體是摸得到的部分,就是掉下來會砸到腳的東西。好痛!
  12. 12Software is the instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Neither is useful without the other.軟體是告訴硬體該做什麼的指令。缺了任何一邊都沒有用。
  13. 13A keyboard and a mouse are devices that bring information in. A speaker sends it out. A touchscreen does both.鍵盤和滑鼠是把資訊帶進來的裝置,喇叭把它送出去,觸控螢幕兩樣都做。
  14. 14Now it's your turn. Walk around the giant chip and click on anything you see.現在換你了。繞著這顆巨大的晶片走一圈,點點看你看到的每一樣東西。

Everything Is Two Things一切都只有兩種狀態

Inside a computer there are only two states: current flowing, or not flowing. We write them as 1 and 0.電腦內部只有兩種狀態:有電流通過,或沒有。我們把它們寫成 1 和 0。

One of those is a bit. Eight bits together make a byte, and a byte can hold 256 different values — enough for one letter.其中一個就是一個位元(bit)。八個位元組成一個位元組(byte),一個位元組可以表示 256 種不同的值——足夠放一個字母。

A photo is millions of numbers describing colours. A song is thousands of numbers per second describing air pressure. Nothing is stored as a picture or a sound.一張照片是幾百萬個描述顏色的數字。一首歌是每秒幾千個描述氣壓的數字。沒有任何東西是以「圖片」或「聲音」的形式存著的。

The whole machine is built from switches that can turn other switches on and off. Everything else is layers built on top of that.整台機器由「能開關其他開關的開關」組成。其他一切都是疊在這之上的層。

The Main Parts主要的組成

CPU — the processorCPU——處理器
It does the actual work, one simple instruction at a time: add these two numbers, compare them, jump to another instruction. It just does it billions of times a second.它做真正的工作,一次一條簡單指令:把這兩個數字相加、比大小、跳到另一條指令。只是它每秒做幾十億次。
RAM — working memoryRAM——工作記憶體
Fast but temporary. It holds what the computer is using right now, and it is wiped when the power goes off. That is why unsaved work disappears.快但是暫時的。它放電腦此刻正在用的東西,一斷電就清空。這就是為什麼沒存檔的東西會不見。
Storage — the disk儲存——硬碟
Slower but permanent. Files stay here when the power is off. An SSD has no moving parts, which is why it is much faster than an old spinning hard disk.慢但是永久的。斷電後檔案還留在這裡。SSD 沒有會動的零件,所以比舊式旋轉硬碟快得多。
Input and output輸入與輸出
Keyboard, mouse and camera bring information in. Screen, speaker and printer send it out. Some devices, like a touchscreen, do both.鍵盤、滑鼠、相機把資訊帶進來。螢幕、喇叭、印表機把它送出去。有些裝置兩者都做,例如觸控螢幕。
Hardware and software硬體與軟體
Hardware is what you can drop on your foot. Software is the instructions telling the hardware what to do. Neither is useful without the other.硬體是掉下來會砸到腳的東西。軟體是告訴硬體該做什麼的指令。缺了任何一邊都沒有用。

How Big Is That?那有多大?

Unit 單位Size 大小Roughly 大約相當於
Bit 位元1 or 0One switch 一個開關
Byte 位元組8 bits 位元One letter 一個字母
Kilobyte KB1,000 bytesA short email 一封短信
Megabyte MB1 million bytes 百萬A photo 一張照片
Gigabyte GB1 billion bytes 十億A film 一部電影
Terabyte TB1 trillion bytes 兆A thousand films 一千部電影

資料查證至 2025 年底

每一級大約是前一級的一千倍。所以 1 TB 的硬碟裝得下大約一千部電影,或幾百萬張照片。

Did You Know?你知道嗎?

  • The first computer bug was a real insect — a moth found stuck inside a machine in 1947, and the team taped it into the logbook.第一個電腦 bug 是一隻真的蟲——1947 年在機器裡發現一隻卡住的蛾,團隊把牠貼在工作日誌上。
  • Ada Lovelace wrote what is considered the first computer program in the 1840s, a century before any computer existed to run it.愛達・勒芙蕾絲在 1840 年代寫下了公認的第一支電腦程式,比能執行它的電腦早了一百年。
  • A modern phone is far more powerful than the computers that guided the Apollo missions to the Moon.一支現代手機的運算能力,遠超過引導阿波羅任務登月的那些電腦。
  • Turning a device off and on again works surprisingly often because it clears RAM and starts every program from a known state.「關掉再開」之所以常常有效,是因為它清空了 RAM,讓每個程式從一個已知的狀態重新開始。

Key Words單字表

  • bit/bɪt/n.

    位元

    A bit is a 1 or a 0.一個位元是 1 或 0。

  • byte/baɪt/n.

    位元組

    Eight bits make a byte.八個位元組成一個位元組。

  • processor/ˈprɑː.ses.ɚ/n.

    處理器

    The processor does the work.處理器做實際的工作。

  • instruction/ɪnˈstrʌk.ʃən/n.

    指令

    It runs one instruction at a time.它一次執行一條指令。

  • memory/ˈmem.ɚ.i/n.

    記憶體

    Memory is wiped when power goes off.斷電時記憶體會被清空。

  • temporary/ˈtem.pə.rer.i/adj.

    暫時的

    RAM is fast but temporary.RAM 快但是暫時的。

  • permanent/ˈpɝː.mə.nənt/adj.

    永久的

    Storage is permanent.儲存是永久的。

  • storage/ˈstɔːr.ɪdʒ/n.

    儲存空間

    Files live in storage.檔案存在儲存空間裡。

  • hardware/ˈhɑːrd.wer/n.

    硬體

    Hardware is the physical part.硬體是實體的部分。

  • software/ˈsɑːft.wer/n.

    軟體

    Software tells hardware what to do.軟體告訴硬體該做什麼。

  • device/dɪˈvaɪs/n.

    裝置

    A touchscreen is both a device for input and output.觸控螢幕同時是輸入和輸出裝置。

  • switch/swɪtʃ/n.

    開關

    The machine is built from switches.這台機器由開關組成。

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