篇章的連貫：轉折詞與回指Cohesion: Transitions and Reference

轉折詞是段落的路標

一段文章裡，句子與句子之間的關係（補充、對比、因果、舉例）靠轉折詞標出來。讀者看到 however 就知道方向要轉，看到 therefore 就知道是結論，看到 for instance 就知道後面是前一句的例子。寫作時選錯轉折詞，意思會整個相反；閱讀時抓住轉折詞，就能預測下一句要說什麼。

• Plastic bags are cheap and convenient. However, they cause serious pollution.塑膠袋便宜又方便。然而，它們造成嚴重污染。

• The city built more bike lanes. As a result, the number of cyclists doubled.市政府蓋了更多自行車道，結果騎車的人數加倍了。

• Many animals sleep through the winter. For instance, bears may sleep for several months.很多動物整個冬天都在睡。例如，熊可能睡好幾個月。

常見轉折詞依功能分類

in contrast 比較「兩個對象」的差異；on the contrary 是說「前面那句話不對，事實正好相反」，兩者不能互換。

轉折詞是副詞，不是連接詞

however、therefore、moreover 是連接副詞，只能「標示」關係，不能像 but、so 一樣把兩個句子接起來。用逗號硬接兩個完整句子叫 comma splice，是作文常見扣分點。正確寫法是句號分開，或用分號，轉折詞後面加逗號。

• It was raining heavily; however, the game continued.雨下得很大，但比賽照常進行。

• The bus was late. Therefore, we missed the first class.公車誤點，所以我們錯過第一節課。

回指：this、these、such、they 指回前面的內容

英文常用 this / these + 名詞 總結前面一整件事，用 such + 名詞 表示「這類的」，用 it / they 指前面出現過的名詞。篇章結構題的關鍵就在這裡：如果選項句一開頭就是 This problem 或 Such findings，它前面一定要有一句說出那個問題或發現；如果句子提到 they，前面一定要出現可以對應的複數名詞。另外，such 修飾單數可數名詞時要寫 such a + N。

• Some students stay up all night before an exam. This habit actually hurts their memory.有些學生考前熬夜。這個習慣其實會傷害記憶力。

• Scientists found plastic in deep-sea fish. Such findings worry many people.科學家在深海魚體內發現塑膠。這類發現讓很多人擔心。

• Bees carry pollen from flower to flower. Without them, many crops could not grow.蜜蜂把花粉從一朵花帶到另一朵。沒有牠們，很多作物無法生長。

常見錯誤

• ✗It was raining, however, we went out.
  ✓It was raining; however, we went out.however 是副詞，不能用逗號連接兩個句子，要用分號或句號。
• ✗He is not lazy. In contrast, he is the hardest worker in our class.
  ✓He is not lazy. On the contrary, he is the hardest worker in our class.否定前句、說出相反事實用 on the contrary；in contrast 是比較兩個對象。
• ✗The plan is cheap. Moreover, it takes too long.
  ✓The plan is cheap. However, it takes too long.前句是優點、後句是缺點，方向相反要用 however；moreover 用在同方向的補充。
• ✗Such thing happens every day.
  ✓Such a thing happens every day.such 修飾單數可數名詞要加 a：such a thing。